Written by ARTHUR DEBSI

Born in Boujad, east of Khouribga, Morocco, Ahmed Cherkaoui was a descendant of the Sufi brotherhood named Charqawiyya. Indeed, he enrolled at the local Koranic school, where he studied Qur’an, and developed a passion for calligraphy. Then, he relocated to Casablanca, to continue his education, but the urban environment didn’t satisfy him. He was also deeply affected by the passing of his mother, which occurred around the same time. When Morocco got its independence from France in 1956, Ahmed Cherkoui traveled to Paris, where he studied graphic arts at the École des Métiers d’Art, until 1959. At the same time, he lived the vibrant artistic environment of the French capital city, and was exposed to the works of modern artists such as Paul Klee (1879-1940), and Roger Bissière (1886-1964). During his time he settled in the famous Latin Quarter in Paris. Cherkaoui mixed with members of the Moroccan community, including the architect Mourad Ben Embarek (d.2011), the writer Abdelkebir Khatibi (1938-2009), and some artists like Farid Belkahia (1934-2014). By sharing ideas, and advancing theories, all of these figures of the diaspora played a key role in the construction of the national, and cultural identity of Morocco. Soon after his graduation from the École des Métiers d’Art, Cherkaoui got his first job in the French musical company Pathé-Marconi, where he drew the covers models of discs from the Oriental music department.

In 1960, Ahmed Cherkaoui entered the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, attending courses at the atelier of the French artist Jean Aujame (1905-1965). On year later, he benefited from a one-year scholarship, as part of a cultural exchange between Morocco, and Poland, which enabled him to pursue his education at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, Poland. There, he intensively trained under the supervision of the Polish abstract artist Henryk Stazewski (1894-1988). He also experienced the artistic dynamic of the city, which was different from the one in Paris. Back to France in summer 1961, Ahmed Cherkaoui encountered the art critic Jean-Clarence Lambert (1930-), with whom he was able to participate in the second edition of the Biennale des Jeunes Artistes at the Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. In March 1962, Cherkaoui had his first solo-exhibition at the gallery of Ursula Girardon, and participated in the exhibition ‘École de Paris’, alongside with his contemporaries Mohamed Melehi (1936-2020), and Jilali Gharbaoui (1930-1971), at the gallery Charpentier in October 1962. Going back and forth between Paris, and Morocco, the painter rapidly imposed himself in the Parisian art scene during the 1960s.

In 1965, Ahmed Cherkaoui was appointed as a drawing teacher in a college in Beaumont-sur-Oise, in the North of Paris. However, he felt the need to leave the France after the Six-Days war in 1967, when Israel attacked Egypt, and annexed some territories like East-Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. At that time, Cherkaoui realized that artists, and intellectuals supported Israel’s actions against Arab countries; and consequently, decided to go back to Morocco^[1]. Abandoning his desire for fame, he preferred to contribute to the development of his home country, through the teaching of the young generation. There, he started a new job as an advertising designer, and could reconnect to his roots.

Ahmed Cherkaoui was very enthusiastic to see Morocco breaking away from the French influence in the 1960s. He always thought that Moroccan people could equally enjoy modern art, which is not a Western monopoly. He even hated the idea of calling a painter ‘Moroccan’, since he considered the word ‘painter’ to be universal^[2].

In Europe, Ahmed Cherkaoui discovered the avant-garde art movements, which had developed since the beginning of the 20^th century, and progressively familiarized himself with abstraction. And in 1961, the artworks, that he exhibited at the Krzywe-Koło gallery in Warsaw, confirmed that he completely adopted the abstract movement^[3]. During a short stay in Morocco in summer 1962, the painter delved into the Moroccan artistic heritage; which led him to conduct extensive research on the local folk-art. The Moroccan writer Edmond Amran el-Maleh remembered: ‘Ahmed Cherkaoui se consacre à étudier les formes, le graphisme des tatouages, des dessins sur les poteries et d’autres objets’^[4]. It has even been reported that he was the first artist to conduct in-depth research on the sign, by travelling all around the country, and analyzing Moroccan craftsmanship including rugs, pottery, and jewelry^[5]. It was important for Cherkoui to build a singular style, which would correspond to Morocco’s cultural mosaic. Like this latter mosaic, he found inspiration from his family background: from the paternal side, the artist belonged to the Sufi community, whereas on the maternal side, he came from the Berber tribe called Zayanes, known for its art of carpet-making^[6].

As of the 1960s, Ahmed Cherkaoui showed an insatiable interest, and fascination for the sign, which is inherent to the artistic tradition in the pre-Islamic, Islamic, and Berber societies. He consequently considered himself to be affiliated to this millennial practice. A series of paintings demonstrate the seminal work of the artist, based on the local heritage. In the example Miroirs (1963), Ahmed Cherkaoui used burlap as a material, that he tapered, colored, and stuck on the panel. Inspired by Paul Klee (1879-1940), Cherkaoui often exploited this peculiar technique, which gave his works a textured aspect. Here, he applied with thick brushstrokes, a palette of warm, and brilliant colors, such as red, yellow, green, which recall the colors of Morocco’s landscapes. In parallel, Cherkaoui combined dots with geometrical shapes, like the triangle, and the half circle. These elements form signs, which highly resemble the henna tattoos, that the Berber men, and women have on their faces, and hands. The Berber tattoos mainly have an aesthetic function, but can also indicate the social status of a person^[7]. Visiting the Berber people in the Atlas Mountains, Ahmed Cherkaoui thoroughly observed these graphic tattoos, which illustrate plants, stars, animals, etc. Yet, he reinterpreted the motifs in his artworks, by intertwining them with each other, and without giving them a specific meaning. The sign becomes an experimental element of plastic research.

Having chosen to work on abstraction, Ahmed Cherkaoui however never neglected the spiritual dimension, that his paintings had to convey. The Berber tattoos are related to magic, and pagan rituals; but the artist also took inspiration from Sufi movement, to which he was historically affiliated. The hometown of Cherkaoui, Boujad, is famous for having hosted the Sufi brotherhood of Sheikh Sidi Muhammad bin al-Arabi bin al-Ma’ti bin al-Salih al-Sharqawi (d.1601). In the 17^th century, the Charqawiyya brotherhood provided the first Alawite sultan of Morocco, Moulay Rashid (1666-1672), an important political support in his fight against another Sufi brotherhood, the Zaouia of Dila. Affiliated to this community, Ahmed Cherkaoui always stayed attached to the Oriental spirituality, which influenced the stages of his artistic journey. The painter mastered the art of Arabic calligraphy – a fundamental art practice in Sufism –, but didn’t aim to produce scripts, with proper letters. Cherakoui was effectively more interested in the gesture itself, and the shapes of the line, el-khatt, which can create sensations. In another piece entitled Clair de Lune (1963), Cherkaoui used curved, and straight thick lines, that he traced in a confident, and assertive gesture. The painting dated from the short period, between 1963-1964, when the artist produced artworks, only employing a dark background, contrasting with pure colors. Here, he colored the motifs with a bright red, which gives the ensemble a remarkable luminosity, enhancing the depth of the composition. Ahmed Cherkaoui readapted the essence of calligraphy, which is originally a sacred activity, through a modern technique, to render mystical strength in another way.

Ahmed Cherkaoui sought for an artistic expression, which resulted from his own visual memory, when he was young. Nourished by this personal richness, he realized that the elaboration of modern Moroccan art had to reveal the uniqueness Moroccan identity. This identity includes a rich combination of cultures, and traditions, which had persisted through centuries in the country. During his short-time career, Cherkaoui chose to reinterpret the local heritage in a modern plastic treatment. This approach corresponded to the time, when Morocco was a young nation, which had to understand its past in order to hook itself to the modernity train of the 20^th century.

Ahmed Cherkoui prematurely passed away in 1967 in Casablanca. 

Notes

[1] ‘Melehi raconte Cherakoui’. Testimony reported by Kenza Sefrioui in Alaoui, Brahim, Bruno Nassim Aboudrar, Hélène Le Corre, Toni Maraini, Meryem Sebti, and Kenza Sefrioui. ‘Cinquante Ans Après, Redécouvrir Cherkaoui’, 2018. https://brahimalaoui.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/diptyk43_dossier_ahmed_cherkaoui-2.pdf. [P.82]

[2] ‘Melehi raconte Cherakoui’. Testimony reported by Kenza Sefrioui in Alaoui, Brahim, Bruno Nassim Aboudrar, Hélène Le Corre, Toni Maraini, Meryem Sebti, and Kenza Sefrioui. ‘Cinquante Ans Après, Redécouvrir Cherkaoui’, 2018. https://brahimalaoui.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/diptyk43_dossier_ahmed_cherkaoui-2.pdf. [P.82]

[3] Alaoui, Brahim, Bruno Nassim Aboudrar, Hélène Le Corre, Toni Maraini, Meryem Sebti, and Kenza Sefrioui. ‘Cinquante Ans Après, Redécouvrir Cherkaoui’, 2018. https://brahimalaoui.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/diptyk43_dossier_ahmed_cherkaoui-2.pdf. [P.76]

[4] ‘Ahmed Cherkaoui dedicated himself to study the forms, the design of the tattoos, the design employed on pottery, and other objects. Edmond Amran el-Maleh quoted in Alaoui, Brahim, Bruno Nassim Aboudrar, Hélène Le Corre, Toni Maraini, Meryem Sebti, and Kenza Sefrioui. ‘Cinquante Ans Après, Redécouvrir Cherkaoui’, 2018. https://brahimalaoui.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/diptyk43_dossier_ahmed_cherkaoui-2.pdf. [P.76]

[5] Ali, Wijdan. Modern Islamic Art: Development and Continuity. Gainesville, USA: University Press of Florida, 1997. [P.75]

[6] Alaoui, Brahim. ‘Déchiffrer la mémoire’ in ‘Ahmed Cherkaoui dedicated himself to study the forms, the design of the tattoos, the design employed on pottery, and other objects. Edmond Amran el-Maleh quoted in Alaoui, Brahim, Bruno Nassim Aboudrar, Hélène Le Corre, Toni Maraini, Meryem Sebti, and Kenza Sefrioui. ‘Cinquante Ans Après, Redécouvrir Cherkaoui’, 2018. https://brahimalaoui.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/diptyk43_dossier_ahmed_cherkaoui-2.pdf. [P.75]

[7] Lebkiri, M. (2018). Le rite : Les tatouages berbères. Retrieved February 09, 2021, from https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/085509-000-A/le-rite-les-tatouages-berberes/

Sources

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