Written by WAFA ROZ

Effat Naghi was born in 1905 in Alexandria, Egypt, into a well-connected family. Her father, Musa Naghi Bey, was a landlord who worked as the director of customs in Alexandria, and her maternal grandfather, Rashid Basha Kamal, was a governor of the Red Sea province. Coming from such a family, Effat had access to elite education for a girl of the time and was home-schooled in music, mathematics, and French literature. As a teenager, Effat often accompanied her father to the village of Abu Hummus, where the Naghi family owned a farm, in order to paint pastoral images of the landscape or portraits of village kids she encountered. The artist was nearly fifteen years old when her brother, the acclaimed painter, lawyer, and diplomat Mohamed Naghi, first recognized her talent for painting. When her elder brother was abroad, the young Effat diligently copied his paintings, both as a way of practicing her skills and of trying to impress Mohamed.

Indeed, Mohamed Naghi’s opinion was always of great importance to Effat. Once, Effat reportedly presented her first painted self-portrait to her exhausted brother, who had just arrived home and disregarded her request for his thoughts. Effat was so angry and disappointed that she destroyed the painting. The next day, Mohamed approached his sister in hopes of seeing the painting, which he remarked had caught his interest, but of course, there was no longer any painting to be seen. Though the young artist felt foolish for having ruined her self-portrait, the incident nonetheless helped her build self-confidence as a painter.

In order to help Effat develop her skills, Mohamed hired an artist –a woman, as was appropriate to the customs of the era– to teach her painting at home. Having begun these lessons as a teenager, Effat found personal and professional success later in life, marrying at the age of 40 and beginning her formal art education two years afterward. In 1945, she married the researcher, writer, and painter Saad Al-Khadem, and from 1947 to 1949, she studied sculpture, fresco painting, and decorative arts at Rome’s Accademia Di Belle Arti. Effat outlived both her husband and her brother, carrying on their artistic legacy and promoting the exhibition of their work.

Effat Naghi’s art shares a conceptual current with the work of the two most important male artists in her life. The first generation of fine artists in modern Egypt, to which Mohamed Naghi belonged, agitated for the revival of Egyptian folkloric heritage in the 1920s, responding largely to nationalistic sentiment surrounding Egyptian independence (1922). In the 1950s, as Egyptians grew increasingly fed up with Britain’s continued involvement in their country’s governance, Saad El Khadem undertook extensive studies of the same subject and wrote about it at length. While Effat Naghi’s work also deals with Egyptian visual heritage, it differs from the oeuvres of Mohamed Naghi and Al-Khadem insofar as it defies the limited modes of academic painting privileged in Egypt during the first half of the 20^th century.

The younger Naghi’s deviation from traditional academic painting began in Paris in 1949, when she was introduced to the French cubist painter Andre Lhote. As her instructor for nearly a year, he introduced her to cubism and fauvism, which would ultimately have a significant impact on her stylistic use of color, form, and shape. In 1950, Effat hosted Lhote and his wife in Alexandria. Under the French artist’s guidance, Effat drew the pharaonic tombs they had seen together on their visits to the archaeological sites in Luxor and Aswan. During this period, most of Effat’s work drew inspiration from Egypt and its people, depicting countryside landscapes, peasants harvesting or resting in the fields, and village vendors, such as in The Fruit Seller (1952). Paintings such as The Village present distinctly Egyptian subject matter but also reveal the artist’s fauvist influences. Executed with oil on board, The Village is a landscape structured by long, scattered brushstrokes in hues of turquoise, salmon pink, orange, and pale yellow. Though these colors are bright and artificial, the palette is harmonious and brings the distinct figures of peasants, donkeys, and houses together as if to suggest they are all part of the natural landscape.

Effat’s work was in conversation with the broader Egyptian art world, which at the time was heavily invested in the links between folklore, ancient Egyptian art, and popular culture. Her husband’s writings, for example, offered a rich background for her visual lexicon, though Effat dedicated a decade of her life to completing her own research. From 1954 to 1964, the artist mined the archives of the Great Cairo Public Library for information on her country’s heritage, delving into ancient Egyptian symbolism and tomb décor, as well as Islamic and Coptic art. For instance, Magic Times (1959) is one in a series of mystic abstract works deploying vibrant colors and emblems marked in bold black lines. The acrylic on board painting includes Arabic calligraphy, linear geometric shapes, arrows, and ten single eyes, evoking mysticism, both ancient and contemporary. In Naghi’s Egypt, the symbol of a human eye evoked the Evil Eye and charms used to protect against it, as it still does throughout the Middle East today. The Eye was also one of the most important symbols of protection, royalty, and health in ancient Egypt, where mummies were usually decorated and imprinted with what was known as the Eye of Horus.

An untitled portrait from 1962 also evokes the art of ancient mummies. Executed with ink and paint on chipboard, the bust portrait shows an aristocratic lady dressed in pink with an ornate band on her hair. The portrait resembles Effat with her slender face, black eyes, long nose, and straight black hair. The work evokes Fayum portraits, a name given to a type of panel portrait originating in the late 1^st century BCE or the early 1^st century CE in the Fayum basin in Egypt. Created during the Imperial Roman occupation of Egypt, they were done in a naturalistic style heavily influenced by Greco-Roman aesthetic standards and attached to the mummies of the upper class in order to preserve their identities in death.

Effat Naghi’s apparent interest in death, mysticism, and spirituality evolved throughout the 1950s, as is seen in The Shepherdess and the Stars (1959). Executed in oil paint on board in simplified forms and artificial colors, the painting features a shepherdess holding a lamb –a symbol of sacrifice in all three Abrahamic religions. In the context of the artist’s oeuvre, the painting could be interpreted as depicting Christian themes; the lamb is a universal symbol for Christ among Christians, and some traditions consider Mary the “Guardian” or “Shepherdess” of the “Divine Shepherd.” The spiritual overtones of the work come through in its animated fauvist style and vivid color palette. The lamb is blue, and its woolen coat conveyed in heavy, textured brushstrokes. Mary’s body and face are contoured in black and saturated with thick layers of red paint, while her outfit is painted in green. Her wide, bright oval eyes transfix the viewer, whose gaze is drawn to her large, black pupils. A crown-like halo surrounds her head, behind which a sun and a crescent shine in opposite corners. In this and many other paintings, Effat abandons the conventional linear perspective of Western academic painting, manipulating elements of color and shape instead to suggest, but not imitate, the effect of depth. The flatness of the figures, as well as the black contouring and large eyes, evoke Egyptian Coptic art.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Effat freed herself from the conventional mediums of most of her contemporaries and produced her most creative and celebrated works. She and her husband were ardent collectors, and she drew inspiration from the items they bought during their travels to Luxor and Sinai. Archaeological relics, Greco-Roman terracotta, Coptic dolls, talismans, traditional Egyptian robes, crocodile leather, and semi-precious stones all found new life as symbolic figurative elements in Effat’s work. She used them to create collages and three-dimensional assemblages in a uniquely intuitive style, influenced by the “primitive” simplicity of ancient art. Placing “Coptic dolls” –small, human-shaped toys or fertility amulets made from bones– into the center of ornately carved wooden backgrounds, Effat transformed centuries-old figurines into modern icons. She was also enthralled by astrology during this period, as is seen in works such as Sagittarius (1961), and Taurus (1972), sometimes incorporating plaster and cutouts of Arabic texts in her abstracted astrological shapes. In Icon of the Nile,1991, the skin of a crocodile cut in the form of an anthropomorphic crocodile once again becomes the Egyptian god of strength and power, Sobek.

In a politically charged Egypt, Naghi’s art was considered inoffensive and meditative. Though she was not involved in any political activism, she was instinctively critical. In 1964, the Ministry of Culture commissioned her, amongst other artists, to reflect on the progress of the Aswan High Dam construction. While some artists addressed the submergence of important archaeological sites, the hazardous labor, and the devastating resettlement of thousands of Egyptian and Nubian peasants, Effat focused on the structural aspect of the project. She created a series of graphic paintings in black and white acrylic on board, including The High Dam (1966), and Les Formes Mécaniques (1966). Her work mimicked technical construction drawings, with densely sketched lines forming an evocative image of scaffoldings, cranes, concrete pillars, and vaults. Effat effaced human presence in her works, and in so doing, accentuated the inhumane aspect of this historical event. She emphasized the destructive nature of an otherwise glorified industrialized project.

Effat was a uniquely creative figure of her time, finding myriad ways to celebrate the richness of Egyptian heritage through art. Following her death in 1994, her house and workshop in the Alexandrian neighborhood of Moharram Bey were tragically demolished. However, as stipulated in her will, The Ministry of Culture converted Effat and Saad El Khadem’s house in Cairo’s Zeytoun district into an art museum dedicated to the couple’s memory.

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A recorded video interview between Effat Naghi and Essmat Dawestashi at DAF.

Art works at DAF.